Mệnh đề quan hệ (relative clause) còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ (adjective clause) vì nó là một mệnh đề phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó (tiền ngữ). Mệnh đề quan hệ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) Who, Whom, Which, Whose, That hoặc các trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs) When, Where, Why.
Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa.
1. Cách dùng đại từ quan hệ và trạng từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
1.1. WHO: Who là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người để làm chủ ngữ (subject) hoặc tân ngữ (object) cho động từ đứng sau nó.
Ex:
- The man who is standing overthere is Mr. Pike.
- That is the girl who I told you about.
Ex:
- The woman whom /who you say yeaaterday is my aunt.
- The boy whose/ who we are looking for is Tom.
Ex:
- The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt
- The boy we are looking for is Tom.
Ex:
- This is the book which I like best.
- The hat which is red is mine.
Phần 2
Phần 4
Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa.
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| Cách Sử Dụng Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ Trong Tiếng Anh |
1.1. WHO: Who là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người để làm chủ ngữ (subject) hoặc tân ngữ (object) cho động từ đứng sau nó.
Ex:
- The man who is standing overthere is Mr. Pike.
- That is the girl who I told you about.
Ex:
- The woman whom /who you say yeaaterday is my aunt.
- The boy whose/ who we are looking for is Tom.
Ex:
- The woman you saw yesterday is my aunt
- The boy we are looking for is Tom.
Ex:
- This is the book which I like best.
- The hat which is red is mine.
Which làm tân ngữ có thể lược bỏ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clause)..Ex:
- This is the book I like best.
- The dress I bought yesterday is very beuatiful.
Ex:
- That is the book that/ which I like best.
- That is the bicycle that/ which belongs to Tom.
- My father is the person that/ who(m) I admire most.
- The woman that/ who lived here before us is a novelist.
- This is the book I like best.
- The dress I bought yesterday is very beuatiful.
Ex:
- That is the book that/ which I like best.
- That is the bicycle that/ which belongs to Tom.
- My father is the person that/ who(m) I admire most.
- The woman that/ who lived here before us is a novelist.
That luôn được dùng sau các tiền tố hỗn hợp (gồm cả người lẫn vật), sau các đại từ eveything, something, anything, all, little, much, more và sau dạng so sánh nhất (superlative).Ex:
- I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park.
- She is the nicest woman that I've ever met.
- I can see a girl and her dog that are running in the park.
- She is the nicest woman that I've ever met.
1.5 .WHOSE: Whose là đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu. Whose đứng sau danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật và thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ.
Whose luôn đi kèm với một danh từ.
Ex:
- The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom.
- John found a cat whose leg was broken.
- John found a cat whose leg was broken.
1. 6. WHEN: When là đại từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật và thay cho tính từ sở hữu trước danh từ chỉ thời gian. When được dùng thay cho at/on/ in which, then.
Ex:
- May Day is the day when (on which) people hold a meeting.
- That was the time when (at which) he managed the company.
Ex:
- Do you know the country where (in which) I was born?
- Hanoi is the place where I like to come.
Ex:
- Please tell me the reason why (for which) you are so sad.
- He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the day before.
Có 2 loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining/ restrictive relative clause) và mệnh đề không xác định (non-defining/ non-restrictive relative clause).
2.1 Defining relative clauses (mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)
Đây là loại mệnh đề cần thiết vì tiền ngữ chưa xác định, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa.
Ex:
- The man who keeps the school library is Mr Green.
- That is the book that I like best.
Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết vì tiền ngữ đã được xác định, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa.
Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phẩy. Trước danh từ thường có: this, that, these, those, my, his ... hoặc tên riêng.
Ex:
- That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike.
- This is Mr Jones, who helped me last week.
- Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar.
- Harry told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much.
Ex:
- May Day is the day when (on which) people hold a meeting.
- That was the time when (at which) he managed the company.
Ex:
- Do you know the country where (in which) I was born?
- Hanoi is the place where I like to come.
Ex:
- Please tell me the reason why (for which) you are so sad.
- He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the day before.
Có 2 loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining/ restrictive relative clause) và mệnh đề không xác định (non-defining/ non-restrictive relative clause).
2.1 Defining relative clauses (mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)
Đây là loại mệnh đề cần thiết vì tiền ngữ chưa xác định, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa.
Ex:
- The man who keeps the school library is Mr Green.
- That is the book that I like best.
Đây là loại mệnh đề không cần thiết vì tiền ngữ đã được xác định, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa.
Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bằng các dấu phẩy. Trước danh từ thường có: this, that, these, those, my, his ... hoặc tên riêng.
Ex:
- That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike.
- This is Mr Jones, who helped me last week.
- Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar.
- Harry told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much.
Lưu ý: Không được dùng THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non-defining relative clause).
3. Giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ:
- Trong trường hợp động từ của mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ, ta đem giới từ đặt ra trước mệnh đề quan hệ (trước whom, which).
Ex: The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike.
The shop from which I got my stereo has lots of bargains.
- Ta cũng có thể bỏ whom, which và đặt giới từ ra sau động từ của mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining relative clause).Ex: The man Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.
The shop I got my stereo from has lots of bargains.
The shop I got my stereo from has lots of bargains.
- Khi dùng that hoặc who, ta không đưa giới từ ra trước.Ex: The man that/ who Mary is talking to is Mr Pike. (NOT The man to that/ whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike.)
- Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ là thành phần của cụm động từ (phrasal verbs) thì ta không đem giới từ ra trước whom, which.
Ex: This is the book which I'm looking for.
That is the child whom you have to look after.
- Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ là thành phần của cụm động từ (phrasal verbs) thì ta không đem giới từ ra trước whom, which.
Ex: This is the book which I'm looking for.
That is the child whom you have to look after.
- Khi dùng whom, which các giới từ cũng có thể đứng sau động từ (ngoại trừ without).Ex: The man whom Mary is talking to is Mr Pike.
That is the man without whom we'll get lost. (NOT ... the man whom we'll get lost without.)
4.1. Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng cụm phân từ (participle phrases). Có 2 loại cụm phân từ.
- Cụm phân từ hiện tại (present particciple phrase) là cụm từ bắt đầu bằng hiện tại phân từ (present participle: V-ing).
- Cụm phân từ quá khứ (past participle phrase) là cụm từ bắt đầu bằng quá khứ phân từ (past participle: V3)
- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng cụm phân từ hiện tại (present participle phrase) thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm -ing).
Ex: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
-->The man sitting next to you is my uncle.
Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
---> Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (pastive), ta dùng cụm phân từ quá khứ (past participle phrase) thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằng V3).
Ex: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
---> The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
A bridge which has built only two years ago has been declared unsafe.
---> A bridge built only two years ago has been declared unsafe.
4.2. Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) hoặc cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (infinitive phrase: for + O + to-inf)
Ex: English is an important language which we have to master.
--> English is an important language to master.
There is a good restaurant where we can eat seafood.
That is the man without whom we'll get lost. (NOT ... the man whom we'll get lost without.)
4.1. Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng cụm phân từ (participle phrases). Có 2 loại cụm phân từ.
- Cụm phân từ hiện tại (present particciple phrase) là cụm từ bắt đầu bằng hiện tại phân từ (present participle: V-ing).
- Cụm phân từ quá khứ (past participle phrase) là cụm từ bắt đầu bằng quá khứ phân từ (past participle: V3)
- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng cụm phân từ hiện tại (present participle phrase) thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm -ing).
Ex: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
-->The man sitting next to you is my uncle.
Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
---> Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (pastive), ta dùng cụm phân từ quá khứ (past participle phrase) thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằng V3).
Ex: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
---> The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
A bridge which has built only two years ago has been declared unsafe.
---> A bridge built only two years ago has been declared unsafe.
4.2. Mệnh đề quan hệ có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có to (to-infinitive) hoặc cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (infinitive phrase: for + O + to-inf)
Ex: English is an important language which we have to master.
--> English is an important language to master.
There is a good restaurant where we can eat seafood.
-->There is good restauant to eat seafood.
That is the hotel where we can stay.
That is the hotel where we can stay.
--> That is the hotel to stay
There's a lot of work which has to be done.
There's a lot of work which has to be done.
--> There's a lot of work to be done.
Here is a form that you must fill in.
--> Here is a form for you to fill in.
--> Here is a form for you to fill in.
I don't like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
--> I don't like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden for him to play in.
Download bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ
--> I don't like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden for him to play in.
Download bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ
http://www.mediafire.com/download/i6q5qqt6dva5hqa/menhdequanhe.pdf
Đáp án bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ
Phần 1
Bài 2.1
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Bài 2.2
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Bài 2.3
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Bài 2.4
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| 2. A burlglar is someone who breaks into a house to steal things 3. A customer is someone who buys something from a shop. 4. A shoplifter is someone who steals from ashop. 5. A coward is someone who is not brave. 6. An atheist is someone who doesn't belive in God. 7. A pessimist is someone who expects the worst to happen. 8. A tenant is someone who pays rent to live in a house or flat. | 2. The waitress who/that served us was impolite and impatient. 3. The building that/which was destroyed in the fire has now been rebuilr. 4. The people who/that were arrested have now been released. 5. The bus that/ which goes to the airport runs every half hour. | 2. who/ that runs away fom home. 3. that/which were on the wall. 4. that/which cannot be explained 5. who/that stole my car 6. that/which givers you the meaning of words 7. who/that invented the telephone 8. that/which can support life | 3. that/which sells 4. who/that caused 5. OK(who took is also correct) 6. that/which is changing 7. OK (which were is also correct) 8. that/which won |
Phần 2
Bài 3.1
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Bài 3.2
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Bài 3.3
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Bài 3.4
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3. OK (the people who/that
we met is also correct)
4. The people who work
in the office
5. OK ( the people
who/that I work with
is also correct)
6. OK (the money
that/which I gave
you is also correct)
7. The money that/which
was on the table.
8. OK (the worst film
that/which you've ever
seen is also correct)
9. The best thing that/which has ever happened to you.
| 2. you're wearing or that/which you're wearing. 3. you're going to see or that/which you're going to see 4. I/we wanted to visit or that/which I/we wanted to visit. 5. I/we invited to the party or who/whom/that we invited.. 6. you had to do or that/which you had to do 7. I/we hired or that/which I/we hired 8. Tom had recommended to us or that/which Tom had reammended. | 2. we were invited to or that/which we were invited to 3. I work with or who/that work with 4. you told me about or that/which you told me about 5. we went to last night or that/which we went to 6. I appied for or that/which I applied for 7. you can rely on or who/that you can rely on 8. I saw you with or who/that I saw you with | 3. - (that is also correct) 4. what 5. that 6. what 7. - (that is also correct) 8. what 9. (that is also correct) |
Phần 4
Bài 4.1
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Bài 4.2
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Bài 4.3
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Bài 4.4
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| 2. whose wife is an English teacher 3. who owns a reataurant 4. whose ambition is to climb Everest 5. who have just got married 6. whose parents used to work in a circus | 2. where I can buy some postcards 3. where I work 4. where Sue is staying 5. where I/we play football | 2. where 3. who 4. whose 5. whom 6. where 7. whose 8. whom | 2. I'll never forget the time we got stuck in a lift 3. The reason I didn't write to you was that I didn't know your address. 4. Unfortunately I wasn't at home the evening you phoned. 5. The reason they don't have a car is that they don't need one 6. 1996 was the year Amanda got married |
Phần 5
| Bài 5.1 | Bài 5.2 | Bài 5.3 |
| 3. we often go to visit our friends in Bristol, which is not very far away. 4. I went to see the doctor, who told me to rest for a few day 5. John, who/whom I've known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends. 6. Sheila, whose jod involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot 7. the new stadium, which can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month 8. Glasgow, wher my brother lives, is the largest city in Scotland 9. A friend of mine, whose father is the manager of company, helped me to get a jod. | 3. The strike at the car factory, which began ten days ago, is now over. 4. I've found the book I was looking for this morning. or..the book that/which I was looking for. 5. The population of London, which was once the largest city in the world, is now falling. 6. Few of the people who/that appied for the jod had the necessary qualifications. Amy showed me a photograph of her son, who is a policeman. | 2. My office, which is on the second floor. is very small. 3. OK (the office that/which I'm using...is also correct) 4. Ben's father, who used to be a teacher, now works for a TV company. 5. OK (The doctor who examined me...is also correct) 6. The sun. which is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with hear and light. |
Phần 6
Bài 6.1
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Bài 6.2
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Bài 6.3
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| 2. of which he's very proud 3. with whom we went on holiday 4. to which only member of the family were invited | 2. most of which was useless 3. neither of which she has received 4. none of which she hardly ever uses 6. half of which he gave to his parents 7. both of whom are teachers 8. only a few fo whom I new 9. (the) sides of which were lined with trees. 10. the aim of which is to save money | 2. Jane doesn't have a phone, which makes it difficult to contact her 3. Neil has passed his exams, which is good news 4. Our flight was delayed, which meant we had to wait three hours at the airport 5. Kate offered to let me stay at her house, which was very kind of her 6. The street I live in is very noisy at night, which makes ist difficult to sleep sometimes. 7. Our car has broken down, which means we can't go away tomorrow. |
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